In Which Of The Following Areas Did Progressive Era Reformers Not Try To Introduce Changes?

The Progressive Era

The Progressive Era was a period of social activism and political reform in the United States that flourished from the 1890s to the 1920s.

Learning Objectives

List the main causes championed by the Progressive motion, and some of the movement's major outcomes

Cardinal Takeaways

Key Points

• Characteristics of the Progressive Era include purification of the government, modernization, a focus on family and education, prohibition, and women's suffrage.
• Many Progressives sought to rid the regime of corruption, and muckraking became a particular blazon of journalism that exposed waste, corruption, and scandal on a national level.
• Two of the most important outcomes of the Progressive Era were the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Amendments, the outset of which outlawed the manufacturing, sale, or transport of alcohol, and the second of which enfranchised women with the correct to vote.
• The national political leaders of the Progressive Era included Theodore Roosevelt, Robert 1000. La Follette Sr., Charles Evans Hughes, and Herbert Hoover on the Republican side, and William Jennings Bryan, Woodrow Wilson, and Al Smith on the Autonomous side.
• Theodore Roosevelt is oftentimes cited every bit the first Progressive president, known for his trust -busting activities.
• Progressives did little for ceremonious rights or the plight of African Americans in the aftermath of Reconstruction, as the Supreme Court affirmed the constitutionality of many racist southern laws.

Primal Terms

• muckraker: A reform-oriented investigative journalist during the Progressive Era. The muckrakers' work chosen attention to the problems of the time, including poor industrial working conditions, poor urban living weather condition, and unscrupulous business practices. Prominent muckrakers included novelist Upton Sinclair, photographer Jacob Riis, and journalists Ida G. Tarbell and Lincoln Steffens.
• progressivism: The political ideology that favors rational governmental activity to improve gild. It arose in response to industrialism and dominated American politics for the offset two decades of the twentieth century.
• Eighteenth Amendment: This ramble subpoena established prohibition of alcohol in 1920.
• Nineteenth Amendment: This constitutional amendment, ratified in 1920, granted women the right to vote and forbade whatever suffrage restrictions based on gender.

The Progressive Era was a period of widespread social activism and political reform across the United States, from the 1890s to 1920s. The primary objective of the Progressive motion was eliminating corruption in government. The movement primarily targeted political machines and their bosses. By taking downwardly these corrupt representatives in office, a farther means of straight democracy would be established. They likewise sought regulation of monopolies ("trust-busting") and corporations through antitrust laws. These antitrust laws were seen as a way to promote equal competition for the advantage of legitimate competitors. The main statutes are the Sherman Act of 1890, the Clayton Deed of 1914, and the Federal Trade Committee Human activity of 1914.

Many Progressives supported prohibition in the Usa in order to destroy the political power of local bosses based in saloons. At the aforementioned time, women's suffrage was promoted to bring a "purer" female person vote into the arena. These two issues in the motility brought about ramble modify. The Eighteenth Subpoena, passed in belatedly 1917, banned the manufacturing, sale, and send of booze, while the Nineteenth Subpoena, passed in 1919, gave women the right to vote.

Another theme was edifice an Efficiency movement in every sector that could identify old ways that needed modernizing, and that could bring to bear scientific, medical, and applied science solutions. A key part of the Efficiency movement was scientific management, or "Taylorism." Although scientific direction as a distinct theory or schoolhouse of idea was obsolete past the 1930s, most of its themes are still of import parts of industrial engineering science and management today. These include analysis, synthesis, logic, rationality, empiricism, work ethic, efficiency and emptying of waste product, and standardization of best practices.

Many activists joined efforts to reform local government, public teaching, medicine, finance, insurance, industry, railroads, churches, and many other areas. Progressives transformed, professionalized, and made "scientific" the social sciences, specially history, economics, and political scientific discipline. In bookish fields, the solar day of the amateur author gave way to the research professor who published in the new scholarly journals and presses.

Initially the movement operated chiefly at local levels; after, it expanded to land and national levels. Progressives drew support from the middle form, and supporters included many lawyers, teachers, physicians, ministers, and business people. Some Progressives strongly supported scientific methods as applied to economic science, government, industry, finance, medicine, schooling, theology, education, and fifty-fifty the family. They closely followed advances underway at the time in western Europe and adopted numerous policies, such as a major transformation of the banking system through the creation of the Federal Reserve Organisation in 1913. Reformers felt that erstwhile-fashioned means meant waste and inefficiency, and they eagerly sought out the "one best organisation."

Leaders in the Progressive Era

National Progressive political leaders included Theodore Roosevelt, Robert M. La Follette Sr., and Charles Evans Hughes on the Republican side, and William Jennings Bryan, Woodrow Wilson, and Al Smith on the Autonomous side. Many others, from politicians to social activists, business organisation owners to philosophers, and preachers to reporters, contributed to the Progressive movement. The post-obit are examples of a few major figures:

Theodore Roosevelt: A portrait of President Theodore Roosevelt.

Following the assassination of President McKinley in September 1901, Theodore Roosevelt, at age 42, succeeded to the office, becoming the youngest U.Due south. president in history. Leading his party and land into the Progressive Era, he championed his "Square Deal" domestic policies, promising the average citizen fairness, broken trusts, railroads regulations, and pure food and drugs. Making conservation a top priority, he established a myriad of new national parks, forests, and monuments intended to preserve the nation's natural resources. In foreign policy, he focused on Central America, where he began construction of the Panama Canal. His successful efforts to stop the Russo-Japanese War won him the 1906 Nobel Peace Prize.

Susan B. Anthony (February 15, 1820–March 13, 1906) was an American social reformer and feminist who played a pivotal role in the women'south suffrage movement. In 1851, she met Elizabeth Cady Stanton, who became her lifelong friend and coworker in social-reform activities, primarily in the field of women's rights. In 1852, they founded the New York Women's State Temperance Guild after Anthony was prevented from speaking at a temperance conference because she was a adult female. In 1878, Anthony and Stanton bundled for Congress to be presented with an amendment giving women the right to vote. Popularly known as the "Anthony Amendment" and introduced past Senator Aaron A. Sargent (R-CA), it became the Nineteenth Amendment to the U.South. Constitution in 1920.

Upton Sinclair (September twenty, 1878–November 25, 1968) was an American author who wrote nearly 100 books and other works beyond a number of genres. In 1906, Sinclair acquired particular fame for his archetype muckraking novel, The Jungle , which exposed weather in the U.S. meat-packing manufacture and caused a public uproar that contributed, in part, to the passage a few months later on of the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Deed. In 1919, he published The Brass Check, a muckraking exposé of American journalism that publicized the issue of yellow journalism and the limitations of the "complimentary press" in the United States. Four years after the publication of The Brass Cheque, the first lawmaking of ideals for journalists was created. Writing during the Progressive Era, Sinclair describes the earth of industrialized American from both the working man's point of view and the industrialist's. Novels such as King Coal (1917), The Coal War (published posthumously), Oil! (1927), and The Flivver King (1937) depict the working conditions of the coal, oil, and car industries at the time.

The Varieties of Progressivism

Progressive-Era reformers sought to use the federal government to make sweeping changes in politics, education, economics, and order.

Learning Objectives

Describe the theory backside Progressivism

Primal Takeaways

Key Points

• Progressivism arose equally a response to the vast changes brought almost by modernization.
• Progressives believed that the Constitution was a fix of loose guidelines and that the telescopic of the federal regime should extend into society to protect it from things such every bit trusts.
• Despite Progressives' stances on federal aid and intervention, they sought support from local governments to pb the way in social and economic reforms.
• Education was democratized during this era: Progressive educators, such equally John Dewey, wanted every child to take an teaching and sought to create effective standardized tests to measure how children were learning.
• Progressives agreed that regulating business was important, but they disagreed about whether that would be best served past breaking up monopolies or past allowing them to exist with increased regulation.

Key Terms

• progressivism: A philosophy that asserts that advancements in science, technology, economic development, and social system are vital to improve the human condition.

Progressivism

American Progressivism is defined as a broadly based reform motility that reached the height of influence in the early twentieth century and that was largely centre form and reformist in nature. Progressivism arose equally a response to the vast changes brought about by modernization, such as the growth of large corporations and railroads, and fears of abuse in American politics. Emerging at the stop of the nineteenth century, Progressive reformers established much of the tone of American politics throughout the starting time one-half of the century.

Politically, Progressives of this era belonged to a wide range of parties and had leaders from the Democratic and Republican parties, as well equally from the Balderdash-Moose Republicans, Lincoln-Roosevelt League Republicans (in California), and the United States Progressive Political party. Rather than affiliating with a ascendant party, American Progressives shared a mutual goal of wielding federal ability to pursue a sweeping range of social, environmental, political, and economical reforms. The pursuit of trust-busting (breaking up very large monopolies) was chief amidst these aims, as was garnering support for labor unions, public health programs, decreased abuse in politics, and environmental conservation.

Core Principles

Many of the core principles of the Progressive motility focused on the demand for efficiency and the elimination of abuse and waste matter. Purification to eliminate waste matter and corruption was a powerful element, as was the Progressives' support of worker compensation, improved child labor laws, minimum wage legislation, limited work hours, graduated income taxation, and women'due south suffrage. Historian William Leuchtenburg describes the Progressives thusly:

The Progressives believed in the Hamiltonian concept of positive government, of a national government directing the destinies of the nation at home and abroad. They had footling but contempt for the strict construction of the Constitution by conservative judges, who would restrict the power of the national government to act against social evils and to extend the blessings of democracy to less favored lands. The existent enemy was particularism, land rights, limited government.

For Progressive reformers, the Constitution represented a loose prepare of guidelines for political governance, rather than acting as a strict authorisation on the political development of the United States or on the scope of federal ability. More, not less, regulation was necessary to ensure that social club operated efficiently, and therefore, about Progressives believed that the federal government was the only suitable power to combat trusts, monopolies, poverty, deficits in teaching, and economic bug.

"The Pump": In this 1913 political cartoon, Woodrow Wilson uses tariff, currency, and antitrust laws (represented past buckets) to prime the pump (representing prosperity) and go the economy working.

City Management

Although they argued for more federal intervention in local affairs (especially in urban centers), virtually Progressives typically full-bodied on reforming municipal and state governments to create better ways to provide services every bit cities grew rapidly. The result was "municipal assistants," which effectively managed legal processes, market transactions, bureaucratic administration, and urban reform.

1 example of Progressive reform was the ascension of the city-manager system, in which salaried, professional engineers ran the day-to-solar day affairs of city governments under guidelines established past elected urban center councils. Additionally, many cities created municipal "reference bureaus" that conducted surveys of regime departments looking for waste matter and inefficiency. Later on in-depth surveys, local and even state governments were reorganized to reduce the number of officials and to eliminate overlapping areas of authority among departments. Urban center governments also were reorganized to reduce the ability of local ward bosses and to increase the powers of the city council.

Education

Early Progressive thinkers, such as John Dewey and Lester Ward, placed a universal and comprehensive organization of education at the meridian of the Progressive calendar, reasoning that if a democracy were to be successful, the general public needed to be educated. Progressives advocated to expand and improve public and private education at all levels. Modernization of society, they believed, necessitated the compulsory education of all children, even if parents objected. Progressives turned to educational researchers to evaluate the reform agenda by measuring numerous aspects of education, which later led to standardized testing. Kid-labor laws were designed to prohibit children from inbound the workforce before a certain age, further compelling children into the public schools. Many educational reforms and innovations generated during this period connected to influence debates and initiatives in American didactics for the rest of the twentieth century.

Economic Theory

Many Progressives hoped that by regulating large corporations, they could liberate human being energies from the restrictions imposed past industrial capitalism. Yet the Progressive motility was divided over which of the following solutions should be used to regulate corporations:

Pro-labor Progressives such as Samuel Gompers argued that industrial monopolies were unnatural economic institutions that suppressed the competition necessary for progress and improvement. U.Southward. antitrust law is the torso of laws that prohibits anti-competitive beliefs (monopolies) and unfair business practices. Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft supported trust-busting. During their presidencies, the otherwise bourgeois Taft brought downward ninety trusts in four years while Roosevelt took downwards 44 in seven 1/2 years in office.

Progressives such equally Benjamin Parke DeWitt argued that in a mod economic system, large corporations and fifty-fifty monopolies were both inevitable and desirable. With their massive resources and economies of calibration, big corporations offered the United States advantages that smaller companies could non offering. Notwithstanding, these large corporations might abuse their great ability. The federal government should allow these companies to exist merely regulate them for the public interest. President Theodore Roosevelt generally supported this idea and was later on to incorporate information technology equally part of his political philosophy of "New Nationalism."

The Social Gospel

The Social Gospel movement applied Christian ideals to social problems.

Learning Objectives

Explain the concept of the Social Gospel

Primal Takeaways

Key Points

• The Social Gospel move applied Christian ethics to social problems.
• Social justice problems were especially important to Social Gospel reformers.
• Social Gospel workers were post-millennialist, believing that Christ would return to Earth after humankind had worked through its sins.
• Many new churches were established during this catamenia, including Christian Science and Jehovah's Witnesses.

Key Terms

• Social Gospel: A Protestant Christian intellectual motility that was most prominent in the early twentieth century U.s.a. and Canada that practical Christian ethics to social problems.
• Lord's Prayer: The prayer taught past Jesus Christ to his disciples in the Sermon on the Mount.

The Social Gospel movement is a Protestant Christian intellectual movement that was virtually prominent in the early twentieth century United States and Canada. The movement applied Christian ethics to social problems, especially bug of social justice such as excessive wealth, poverty, alcoholism, crime, racial tensions, slums, bad hygiene, child labor, inadequate labor unions, poor schools, and the danger of war. Theologically, the Social Gospellers sought to operationalize the Lord'southward Prayer (Matthew 6:x): "Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done in earth as information technology is in heaven." Social Gospellers typically were post-millennialist; that is, they believed that the Second Coming could not happen until humankind rid itself of social evils by human being endeavour. Social Gospel leaders were predominantly associated with the liberal fly of the Progressive motility, and most were theologically liberal, although they were typically bourgeois when it came to their views on social issues.

Washington Gladden: Portrait of Social Gospeller Washington Gladden, who was an important leader of the movement.

Important Social Gospel leaders include Richard T. Ely, Josiah Strong, Washington Gladden, and Walter Rauschenbusch.

Religious Progressivism

In the Us prior to World War I, the Social Gospel was the religious wing of the Progressive movement, which had the aim of combating injustice, suffering, and poverty in guild. Denver, Colorado, was a center of Social Gospel activism. Thomas Uzzell led the Methodist People's Tabernacle from 1885 to 1910. He established a gratis dispensary for medical emergencies, an employment bureau for job seekers, a summer camp for children, nighttime schools for extended learning, and English language classes. From 1884 to 1894, Myron Reed of the First Congregational Church served as a spokesman for labor unions on bug such as worker'south compensation. His eye-class congregation encouraged Reed to movement on when he became a Socialist, and he organized a nondenominational church building. The Baptist minister Jim Goodhart ready up an employment bureau, and provided food and lodging for tramps and hobos at the mission he ran. He became city chaplain and managing director of public welfare of Denver in 1918. Besides these Protestants, Reform Jews and Catholics helped build Denver's social welfare system in the early twentieth century.

The Reverend Mark A. Matthews (1867–1940) of Seattle's Offset Presbyterian Church was a leading city reformer who investigated red-calorie-free districts and crime scenes, and denounced corrupt politicians, businessmen, and saloon keepers. With 10,000 members, his church building was the largest Presbyterian Church building in the land, and he was selected the national moderator in 1912. He build a model church, with night schools, unemployment bureaus, a kindergarten, an anti-tuberculosis dispensary, and the nation'due south first church-owned radio station. Matthews was the most influential clergymen in the Pacific Northwest, and one of the most active Social Gospellers in America.

The South had its own version of the Social Gospel that focused especially on prohibition. Other reforms included outlawing public swearing, battle, dogfights, and like affronts to their moral sensibilities. By 1900, says historian Edward Ayers, the white Baptists, although they were the nearly conservative of all of the denominations in the South, became steadily more than concerned with social issues, taking stands on, "temperance, gambling, illegal corruption, public morality, orphans, and the elderly."

The Social Gospel affected much of Protestant America. The Presbyterians described its goals in 1910 past proclaiming the following: "The great ends of the church building are the proclamation of the gospel for the salvation of humankind; the shelter, nurture, and spiritual fellowship of the children of God; the maintenance of divine worship; the preservation of truth; the promotion of social righteousness; and the exhibition of the Kingdom of Heaven to the globe."

New Churches

In 1879, Mary Baker Eddy introduced Christian Science, which gained a national post-obit. In 1880, the Conservancy Regular army denomination arrived in America. Although its theology was based on ethics expressed during the Second Peachy Awakening, it likewise focused on poverty and social improvement. The Social club for Upstanding Civilization, established in New York in 1876 by Felix Adler, attracted Reform Jewish followers. Charles Taze Russell founded the Bible Students motion, which later split into the "Jehovah'southward Witnesses" of today.

Social Criticism

The finish of the Aureate Age witnessed ascension levels of social criticism from a new kind of investigative announcer chosen a "muckraker."

Learning Objectives

Identify journalistic social criticism of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries

Key Takeaways

Key Points

• The 1890s and early on 1900s witnessed a profound social and political reaction to the Golden Age, the period between the early 1870s and late 1890s that was characterized by excesses and corruption.
• Muckrakers were journalists who exposed social ills and corporate and political corruption.
• Journalists, such every bit Jacob Riis and Ida B. Wells, were among the offset to bring attention to poor living conditions in cities, the plight of immigrants, and racial injustice.

Primal Terms

• muckraking: A journalist who investigates and publishes truthful "watchdog" reports in guild to abet for reforms.
• progressivism: The political credo that favors rational governmental action to improve guild. It arose in response to industrialism and dominated American politics for the first 2 decades of the twentieth century.

The 1890s and early on 1900s witnessed a profound social and political reaction to the excesses and corruption of the Gilded Age. Journalists and other writers began bringing social issues to the attending of the American public.

Muckrakers

McClure'southward Magazine. McClure'due south Magazine (January 1901) published many early muckraker articles.

The term "muckraker" was used during the Progressive Era to characterize reform -minded American journalists who largely wrote for popular magazines. The modernistic characterization of this blazon of journalism is "investigative," and investigative journalists today are oftentimes informally chosen "muckrakers." During the Progressive Era, these journalists relied on their own reporting and often worked to betrayal social ills and corporate and political abuse. Muckraking magazines—notably McClure's—took on corporate monopolies and crooked political machines while raising public sensation of chronic urban poverty, unsafe working conditions, and social issues such as child labor. The term "muckrakers" is a reference to a character in John Bunyan's classic Pilgrim'south Progress, "the Man with the Muck-rake," who rejected salvation to focus on filth. The term became pop after President Theodore Roosevelt referred to the character in a 1906 speech; Roosevelt best-selling that, "the men with the muck rakes are oft indispensable to the well-existence of society; but only if they know when to stop raking the muck…" The muckrakers themselves proudly adopted the label.

The muckrakers appeared at a moment when journalism was undergoing changes in style and practice. In response to the exaggerated facts and sensationalism of yellow journalism, objective journalism, every bit exemplified by The New York Times nether Adolph Ochs after 1896, reported facts with the intention of existence impartial and a paper of record. The growth of wire services also had contributed to the spread of the objective reporting style. Muckraking publishers, such equally Samuel S. McClure, emphasized factual reporting simply also aimed for a mixture of, "reliability and sparkle" to interest a mass audience. In contrast with objective reporting, muckrakers saw themselves primarily equally reformers and were politically engaged. Journalists of the previous eras were not linked to a single political, populist movement, whereas the muckrakers were associated with Progressive reforms. Muckrakers continued some of the investigative exposures and sensational traditions of yellow journalism, merely instead wrote to change guild.

Julius Chambers

Julius Chambers of the New York Tribune is considered by many to exist the original muckraker. Chambers undertook a journalistic investigation of Bloomingdale Asylum in 1872, having himself committed with the help of some of his friends and his newspaper's city editor. His intent was to obtain information well-nigh the declared abuse of inmates. The publication of articles and accounts of the experience in the Tribune led to the release of 12 patients who were non mentally ill, to a reorganization of the staff and assistants of the institution, and somewhen, to a change in the lunacy laws. This afterwards led to the publication of Chambers's book A Mad World and Its Inhabitants (1876). From this signal onward, Chambers was oftentimes invited to speak near the rights of the mentally ill and the demand for proper facilities for their adaptation, intendance, and handling.

Jacob Riis

Children: Jacob Riis documented the difficult life encountered by many immigrants and the poor in the city.

Journalists began to respond to the excesses of the Gilded Age toward the terminate of the period. One of the near notable was Jacob August Riis (May 3, 1849–May 26, 1914). Riis was a Danish-American social reformer, muckraker, and social documentary lensman. He is well known for using his photographic and journalistic passion to bring attending and aid to New York City's impoverished citizens; they would became the subject of most of his prolific writings and photography. His most famous work, How the Other Half Lives: Studies Amid the Tenements of New York (1890) documented squalid living weather condition in New York City slums in the 1880s. It served every bit a basis for futurity muckraking journalism by exposing New York City'southward upper and middle classes to the slums. This piece of work inspired many reforms of working-class housing immediately after publication, and it has continued to have a lasting bear upon in today's lodge. With the assist of humanitarian Lawrence Veiller, Riis endorsed the implementation of "model tenements" in New York. While living there, Riis'due south personal experience with poverty led him to go a police reporter, writing about the quality of life in the slums.

Ida B. Wells

Ida Bong Wells-Barnett (July xvi, 1862–March 25, 1931) was an African-American journalist, newspaper editor, and (along with her married man, newspaper owner Ferdinand L. Barnett) an early on leader in the civil-rights movement. She documented lynching in the Usa, exposing it every bit a means of controlling and/or punishing blacks who dared compete with whites. She was agile in the women's rights and women's suffrage movements, establishing several notable women's organizations. Wells was a skilled, persuasive rhetorician who traveled internationally on lecture tours.

The pamphlets Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in All Its Phases and A Red Record documented her research on a lynching. Having examined many accounts of lynching based on the declared, "rape of white women," Wells concluded that Southerners concocted rape as an excuse to hibernate their existent motivation for lynchings: black economic progress, which threatened not simply white Southerners' pocketbooks, but also their ideas about blackness inferiority. She wrote an article that suggested that despite the myth that white women were sexually at risk for attacks by black men, most liaisons betwixt black men and white women were consensual.

Early Efforts in Urban Reform

Early efforts in urban reform were driven past poor atmospheric condition exposed by tragedies such as the Triangle Shirtwaist Mill fire.

Learning Objectives

Evaluate the significance of the Triangle Shirtwaist Mill fire

Key Takeaways

Key Points

• The Triangle Shirtwaist Visitor factory burned in March 1911, resulting in a horrible loss of life.
• The casualties of the burn were caused in large part by unsafe working conditions, and the prominence of the fire led to many reform laws.
• The fire and its aftermath spurred the growth of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union.

Key Terms

• The Triangle Shirtwaist Manufacturing plant burn down: The deadliest industrial disaster in New York's history, killing 146 garment workers who were locked inside the manufacturing plant.
• International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union: One of the first U.S. workers' organizations to have a primarily female membership; it was deeply involved in the backwash of the Triangle Shirtwaist Mill fire.

The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Burn down

The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire: The industrial disaster was the deadliest in the history of New York City.

The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire on March 25, 1911, was the deadliest industrial disaster in the history of New York City and resulted in the fourth-highest loss of life from an industrial accident in U.S. history. The fire caused the deaths of 146 garment workers, who died from the fire, smoke inhalation, or falling or jumping to their deaths. Virtually of the victims were contempo Jewish and Italian immigrant women aged 16 to 23; of the victims whose ages are known, the oldest victim was Providenza Panno at 43, and the youngest were Kate Leone and "Sara" Rosaria Maltese at 14.

Considering the managers had locked the doors to the stairwells and exits—a common practice at the time to prevent pilferage and unauthorized breaks—many of the workers who could not escape the called-for edifice jumped to the streets below from the 8th, ninth, and tenth floors. The fire led to legislation requiring improved manufactory safety standards and helped spur the growth of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, which fought for ameliorate working conditions for sweatshop workers.

Impact and Legacy of the Fire

The company's owners, Max Blanck and Isaac Harris, who survived the burn down by fleeing to the edifice'south roof when the fire began, were indicted on charges of showtime- and second-degree manslaughter in mid-April; the pair's trial began on December 4, 1911. The jury acquitted the 2 men of first- and second-caste manslaughter, but they were establish liable of wrongful expiry during a subsequent 1913 civil suit in which plaintiffs were awarded compensation in the amount of $75 per deceased victim. The insurance company paid Blanck and Harris nigh $threescore,000 more than the reported losses, or about $400 per prey.

In New York City, a Committee on Public Condom was formed, headed by noted social worker Frances Perkins, to identify specific issues and foyer for new legislation, such equally the pecker to grant workers shorter hours in a work week, known equally the "54-Hour Pecker." The New York State Legislature so created the Factory Investigating Commission to, "investigate factory atmospheric condition in this and other cities and to report remedial measures of legislation to prevent adventure or loss of life amidst employees through burn down, unsanitary conditions, and occupational diseases." Their findings led to 38 new laws regulating labor in New York State, and gave the commission members a reputation as leading progressive reformers working on behalf of the working class.

International Ladies' Garment Workers' Wedlock

The International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union (ILGWU) was once one of the largest labor unions in the United states of america, one of the first U.S. unions to have a primarily female membership, and a key player in the labor history of the 1920s and 1930s.

The ILGWU experienced a sudden upsurge in membership equally the event of ii successful mass strikes in New York City. The first, in 1909, was known every bit the "Insurgence of the xx,000" and lasted 14 weeks. It was largely spontaneous, sparked by a brusk walkout of workers of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory, involving just about 20 percent of the workforce. That, still, merely prompted the rest of the workers to seek help from the union. The firm locked out its employees when it learned what was happening. The news of the strike spread quickly to all of the New York garment workers. At a series of mass meetings, afterward the leading figures of the American labor move spoke in general terms well-nigh the demand for solidarity and preparedness, Clara Lemlich rose to speak about the conditions she and other women worked nether. She demanded an end to talk and called for a strike of the entire industry. Approximately 20,000 out of the 32,000 workers in the shirtwaist trade walked out during the next two days.

The union as well became more than involved in electoral politics, in part as a result of the Triangle Shirtwaist Manufacturing plant burn. The fire had various effects on the community. It further radicalized some; at the memorial meeting held in the Metropolitan Opera House on April 2, 1911, Rose Schneiderman addressed an audition largely made upwards of the well-heeled members of the Women's Merchandise Union League (WTUL) and said the following:

I would be a traitor to these poor burned bodies if I came here to talk good fellowship. We have tried yous expert people of the public and we take found you wanting. The old Inquisition had its rack and its thumbscrews and its instruments of torture with fe teeth. We know what these things are today; the atomic number 26 teeth are our necessities, the thumbscrews are the high-powered and swift mechanism shut to which nosotros must work, and the rack is hither in the firetrap structures that will destroy u.s.a. the minute they catch on fire… I can't talk fellowship to you who are gathered here. Too much blood has been spilled. I know from my feel information technology is up to the working people to save themselves. The only way they tin can save themselves is by a potent working-class movement.

The Settlement House Movement

The Settlement House movement was a reform that intended for the rich and the poor to live together in interdependent communities.

Learning Objectives

Examine the development of the Settlement Business firm movement

Primal Takeaways

Primal Points

• The main objective of the movement was the establishment of " settlement houses " in poor urban areas, where volunteer center-class " settlement workers " would live.
• Volunteer settlement workers moved into houses in hopes of sharing noesis and culture with, and alleviating the poverty of, their lower-income neighbors.
• By 1913, in that location were 413 settlements in 32 states.
• The almost famous settlement house in America was Chicago's Hull House, founded by the social reformer Jane Addams.

Key Terms

• Settlement Firm: A residence established in a poor urban expanse during the turn of the twentieth century with the objective of promoting interdependent interactions amongst the rich and poor.
• Settlement Worker: A volunteer from a middle-class background who lived in a lower-income neighborhood and who shared  noesis and culture with the less advantaged in the hopes of alleviating poverty.
• Hull House: A settlement house, located in the Near W Side of Chicago, Illinois, that was cofounded in 1889 by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr.

Settlement Houses

The Settlement House movement was a reformist social move that began in the 1880s and peaked around the 1920s in England and the United States. Its objective was to go the rich and poor in club to live more closely together in an interdependent community. Information technology established "settlement houses" in poor urban areas, where volunteer middle-class "settlement workers" would live in hopes of sharing cognition and civilization with, and alleviating the poverty, of their low-income neighbors. By 1913, at that place were 413 settlements in 32 states.

The move started in London in the mid-nineteenth century. Settlement houses frequently offered food, shelter, and basic and higher pedagogy that was provided past virtue of clemency on the part of wealthy donors, the residents of the city, and (for education) scholars who volunteered their time. Victorian England, increasingly concerned with poverty, gave rise to the movement whereby those connected to universities settled students in slum areas to live and work alongside local people.

Lenox Hill Neighborhood House, founded in 1894; Henry Street Settlement, founded in 1893; and University Settlement House, founded in 1886 (and the oldest in the United states of america) were important sites for social reform. United Neighborhood Houses of New York was the federation of 35 settlement houses in New York City. These and other settlement houses inspired the establishment of settlement schools to serve isolated rural communities in Appalachia. The settlement-business firm concept was continued by Dorothy Twenty-four hours's Catholic Worker hospitality houses in the 1930s.

Hull House

Hull House: Children in line on a retaining wall at Hull House, 1908.

The most famous settlement firm in the U.s. is Chicago'southward Hull House, founded in 1889 by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr after they had visited Toynbee Hall in 1888. Located in the About West Side of Chicago, Illinois, Hull House opened its doors to recently arrived European immigrants. By 1911, Hull Business firm had grown to 13 buildings. In 1912, the Hull Firm complex was completed with the addition of a summer campsite, the Bowen Land Club. With its innovative social, educational, and artistic programs, Hull House became the standard bearer for the motion that had grown, by 1920, to virtually 500 settlement houses nationally.

The Hull mansion and several subsequent acquisitions were continuously renovated to conform the irresolute demands of the clan. The original building and one additional edifice, which has been moved 200 yards, survives today. Addams followed the example of Toynbee Hall, which was founded in 1885 in the E End of London every bit a center for social reform. She described Toynbee Hall equally, "a community of university men who, while living in that location, held their recreational clubs and social gatherings at the settlement house… amongst the poor people and in the same style they would in their own circle."

Hull Business firm became, at its inception in 1889, "a community of university women" whose principal purpose was to provide social and educational opportunities for working-class people, many of whom were recent European immigrants living in the surrounding neighborhood. The "residents," as volunteers at Hull were called, held classes in literature, history, art, domestic activities (such as sewing), and many other subjects. Hull Business firm besides held concerts that were free to everyone, offered free lectures on current issues, and operated clubs for both children and adults.

Hull House conducted careful studies of the community of Near W Side, Chicago, which became known as "The Hull House Neighborhood." These studies enabled the Hull House residents to confront the establishment, and to eventually partner with them in the design and implementation of programs intended to improve opportunities for the large immigrant population.

Jane Addams

A founder of Hull House, Jane Addams (September 6, 1860–May 21, 1935), along with being a pioneer American settlement activist/reformer, was also a social worker, public philosopher, sociologist, author, and leader in women'south suffrage and world peace. In the Progressive Era, when presidents such as Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson identified themselves as reformers and social activists, Addams was one of the most prominent reformers. She helped America accost and focus on issues that were of concern to mothers, such every bit the needs of children, local public health, and world peace. She said that if women were to be responsible for cleaning up their communities and making them ameliorate places to live, they needed to exist able to vote to practise then effectively. Addams became a part model for middle-class women who volunteered to uplift their communities. She is increasingly being recognized as a member of the American Pragmatist schoolhouse of philosophy.

Toward a Welfare State

Maternalist reforms provided aid for mothers and children, expanding the American welfare state.

Learning Objectives

Summarize the development of the American welfare state

Key Takeaways

Primal Points

• Welfare programs in the Usa began to abound and expand to new arenas during the early on twentieth century.
• Maternalist reforms in the United States were laws providing for state assistance for mothers with young children who did non take the financial support of a male fellow member of the household.
• These reforms arose from the belief that government has an obligation and an interest in protecting and improving the living standards of women and children.
• The Children's Bureau, established by William Howard Taft, was the kickoff national authorities office in the earth to focus on problems concerning mothers and children.
• The Sherwood Act awarded pensions to all veterans.

Key Terms

• Sherwood Human activity: The offset important U.S. pension law in the twentieth century. It awarded pensions to all veterans.
• Children's Bureau: A federal agency inside the Department of Health and Man Services, created in 1912. During the Progressive Era, it was tasked with the comprehensive ascertainment and management of children's well-being.
• Maternalist Reforms: A serial of laws providing for state assistance for mothers with young children who did not have the financial back up of a male fellow member of the household.

History of Welfare in the United States

Colonial legislatures and later state governments adopted legislation patterned after the English "poor" laws. Aid to veterans, gratuitous grants of land, and pensions for widows and handicapped veterans, have been offered in all U.Southward. wars. Following World War I, provisions were made for a full-scale organization of hospital and medical-care benefits for veterans. By 1929, workers' bounty laws were in effect in all just four states. These state laws made industry and businesses responsible for compensating workers or their survivors when workers were injured or killed in connection with their jobs. Retirement programs for mainly state and local governments date back to the nineteenth century and paid teachers, constabulary officers, and firefighters. All of these social programs were far from universal and varied considerably from one state to another.

Prior to the Great Depression, the The states had social programs that mostly centered around individual efforts, family efforts, church charities, concern workers compensation, life insurance, and sick leave programs, as well as on some state tax supported social programs. The misery and poverty of the Great Depression threatened to overwhelm all of these programs. The severe low of the 1930s fabricated federal activity almost a necessity, equally neither the states, local communities, and businesses and industries, nor private charities had the financial resource to cope with the growing need among the American people. Commencement in 1932, the federal government showtime made loans, and then grants, to states to pay for straight relief and piece of work relief. Afterwards that, special federal emergency relief such every bit the Noncombatant Conservation Corps and other public-works programs were started. In 1935, President Franklin D. Roosevelt's assistants proposed to Congress federal social-relief programs and a federally sponsored retirement program. Congress followed with the passage of the 37 folio Social Security Act, signed into law Baronial 14, 1935, and "effective" by 1939—but as Globe War Ii began. This plan was expanded several times over the years.

Maternalist Reforms

Ane unique trend in the history of welfare in the U.s. were maternalist reforms. Beginning in the Progressive Era, experiments in public policy took the grade of laws providing for state help for mothers with young children who did not have the financial support of a male fellow member of the household. These laws provided financial reimbursements and gear up limits on the maximum working hours for women. These reforms arose from the belief that regime has an obligation and interest in protecting and improving the living standards of women and children.

"Maternalism" is divers by some experts as a variety of ideologies that, "exalted women's capacities to mothers and extended to guild as a whole the values of care, nurturance, and morality," and was intended to improve the quality of life of women and children. To improve the conditions of women and children, these policies attempted to reconcile the conflicting roles placed on women during this time period. As single mothers were responsible for both supporting their families and raising children, government aid would reduce the probability that they could exist charged with neglecting their "home duties."

Julia Lathrop: Portrait of Julia Lathrop, Manager of the Children's Bureau, 1912–1922.

The Children's Bureau was established by President William Howard Taft in 1912. It was the first national government function in the world that focused solely on the well-beingness of children and their mothers. The legislation creating the agency was signed into law on Apr ix, 1912. Taft appointed Julia Lathrop as the starting time head of the bureau. Lathrop, a noted maternalist reformer, was the showtime woman ever to caput a government bureau in the United States. In 1921, Lathrop stepped down every bit managing director, and the noted child-labor reformer Grace Abbott was appointed to succeed her. The Children's Bureau played a major part in the passage and administration of the Sheppard-Towner Deed, the first federal grants-in-assistance deed for state-level children's health programs.

The Sherwood Act of May 11, 1912, was the first important U.S. alimony law in the twentieth century. It awarded pensions to all veterans. Veterans of the Mexican-American War and Marriage veterans of the Ceremonious War could receive pensions automatically at historic period 62, regardless of disability.

In Which Of The Following Areas Did Progressive Era Reformers Not Try To Introduce Changes?,

Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-ushistory/chapter/the-progressive-era/

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